Waterlogging tolerance of pea at germination

Peas (Pisum sativum L.) are exposed to waterlogging at germination when grown as relay in rice‐based cropping. Ninety‐one germplasm accessions were evaluated in relay (sown in waterlogged soil), and subsequently 10 diverse genotypes compared under relay and sole cropping (conventional tillage sowing) over two seasons in Bangladesh. Contrasting genotypes, BM‐3, NL‐2 and Kaspa, were further evaluated in three waterlogging treatments (drained control, 4 and 8 days waterlogging) in the glasshouse. Conspicuous variation in waterlogging tolerance at germination was observed in the field and confirmed under controlled conditions. In relay sowing in 2011, emergence of a few genotypes was affected by waterlogging. In 2012, emergence in relay was severely affected (12 plants/m²) compared to sole sowing (37 plants/m²). Among genotypes BM‐3 had 6 plants/m² emerge, which all subsequently died, in contrast to NL‐2 in which emergence was 13 plants/m² with all plants surviving. In the glasshouse, there was 14% emergence in BM‐3, 40% in NL‐2 and 55% in Kaspa after 8 days of waterlogging. Such marked differences in waterlogging tolerance at germination in the model pea are the first reported and illustrate prospects for selection to improve adaptation to relay sowing in South Asia.     

玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤酚酸类物质化感作用的影响

为探究玉米花生间作系统中玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤的酚酸类物质化感作用的影响机制，利用CH2Cl2提取了玉米抽雄期根系分泌物，通过室内模拟培养法，研究了玉米根系分泌物对含有不同浓度肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸及对羟基苯甲酸3种酚酸类物质土壤的微生态环境的影响。结果表明，酚酸类物质均显著降低了土壤微生物量碳和氮的含量，抑制了土壤微生物活性，土壤酶（脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶）活性和养分含量（碱解氮、有效磷和有效钾）亦显著降低，且浓度越高化感抑制作用（RI＜0）越强（P＜0.05）。玉米根系分泌物可降低酚酸类物质对土壤微生物活性、微生物量、酶活性及养分含量的化感指数，以低浓度处理的降幅较大，且在处理第5 d和10 d显著增加了3种酚酸类物质处理的土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、微生物量及养分含量（P＜0.05）；不同酚酸类物质中，以邻苯二甲酸所受影响最大。整个培养时期，玉米根系分泌物对酚酸类物质化感作用的影响以处理第5 d最强，随后呈减弱趋势。3次取样，土壤微生物量、微生物活性、酶活性和养分含量的化感指数分别降低10.03%~64.13%、9.72%~57.51%、13.16%~78.85%和5.88%~59.71%。玉米根系分泌物可通过提高土壤微生物量、微生物活性及养分含量，来降低肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸对土壤微生态环境的化感作用。结果为玉米花生间作缓解花生连作障碍技术提供一定的理论依据。     

陇东旱塬区复种不同藜麦品种(系)的适应性初步评价

为分析不同藜麦品种(系)在陇东雨养地区夏播复种的生态适应性,以12个藜麦品种(系)为材料,对其物候期、农艺性状、经济性状、品质性状等指标进行考察,采用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析法对其适应性进行综合评价。结果表明:供试的12个藜麦品种(系)除LY-2无法复种成熟外,其余的11个品种(系)均能完成生育期;对其19个性状进行相关性分析表明,单位面积籽粒产量与单株粒质量和千粒质量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),而与根倒率、茎倒率呈极显著负相关(P0.01);株高与千粒质量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),籽粒粗蛋白和淀粉分别与籽粒直径和千粒质量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);对其15个性状指标进行主成分分析和聚类分析,对提出的5个主成分累计贡献率达85.04%,根据综合得分,筛选出适应性最好、得分最高的2个品种(系)‘陇藜4号’和‘Q2’;聚类分析表明,11个藜麦品种(系)系统聚为3大类型,各品种(系)间性状与遗传距离方面存在较大差异,其中第三类产量最高,第二类有矮秆、早熟等特性,可根据生产需要和育种目标进行综合考虑。     

基于能值分析京郊蔬菜不同生产经营方式的生态经济可持续性评价

利用能值理论和经济投入、产出分析方法,对北京郊区农户常规种植、企业常规种植和企业有机种植3种大棚蔬菜的生态经济可持续性进行研究。结果表明:在能值评价方面,企业有机种植模式能值年总投入为6.81×10~(16)sej/hm~2,低于农户常规种植模式(1.19×10~(17)sej/hm~2)和企业常规种植模式(8.53×10~(16)sej/hm~2);能值投资率为44.20,分别是农户常规种植和企业常规种植模式的2.41和3.81;环境负载率为2.14,低于农户常规种植模式(3.76)与企业常规种植模式(6.29);可持续发展指数为0.48,高于农户常规种植模式的0.28和企业常规种植模式的0.19。在经济方面,企业有机种植模式的利润(1.45×10~6元/hm~2)高于农户常规种植模式(3.34×10~5元/hm~2)和企业常规种植模式(负利润)。综合能值与经济2个方面,企业有机种植模式是京郊大棚蔬菜的3种模式中生态经济可持续性最优的模式。     

基于粮食安全贡献度的中国粮食主产区粮食供求格局演变

基于粮食安全贡献度的FSP模型分析框架,从省际粮食供需平衡的角度测算中国粮食主产区对国家粮食安全的贡献,并探究了粮食主产区粮食供求格局的演变特征。结果表明:除2000—2003年粮食产量骤降造成粮食供给缺口外,1991—1999年、2004—2018年中国粮食主产区粮食盈余(调出量)呈“稳中有降—绝对增长”的U型变化趋势,历年粮食安全贡献度均高于85%,粮食主产区的粮食地位相对稳固。粮食主产区的粮食供求格局经历了省际间的分化和重组。一方面,粮食供给向中北部地区集聚,而南部地区粮食产需紧平衡,粮食供需错配严重;另一方面,粮食供需空间分异明显,2000年后黑龙江、河南、吉林3省的粮食安全贡献度合计达50%左右,而湖南、江西、江苏、河北、湖北、四川、辽宁7省的历年粮食安全贡献度均低于5%,粮食调出总量合计仅占粮食主产区粮食调出总量的10%~20%。     

石灰联合碳铵熏蒸对连作香蕉生长和根际微生物群落结构的影响

摘 要：由于长期连作导致香蕉枯萎病大量爆发，造成香蕉种植面积锐减，已严重影响海南香蕉产业的发展，因而急需寻求能够缓解或克服香蕉连作障碍的有效措施。本实验旨在探究使用绿色土壤熏蒸剂对长期连作蕉园的香蕉枯萎病的防控效果，特别是对植株生长发育、土壤化学性质和根际微生物区系的影响。田间试验共设置两个处理：石灰碳铵熏蒸处理（LAB）和对照处理（CK）。结果表明: LAB处理可以显著降低香蕉枯萎病发病率，与CK处理相比两季分别降低40%和46.62%，显著增加香蕉亩产量，与CK处理相比两季分别增产45.56%和75.99%。LAB处理可以显著提高土壤pH，改善土壤酸化，使酸性土壤维持中性水平，同时，增加土壤有机质含量，并且显著提高土壤速效磷（两季分别提高28.33%和89.14%）和速效钾含量（23.92%和38.67%）。并且LAB处理明显改变香蕉根际微生物群落结构，可以显著降低变形菌门和子囊菌门相对丰度，显著增加放线菌门等相对丰度，同时显著降低病原菌镰刀菌属相对丰度，并且显著提高部分土壤拮抗菌属的相对丰度，如链霉菌属、红球菌属和曲霉属。因此，石灰碳铵熏蒸有效改善香蕉根际微生物群落结构，有效防控香蕉枯萎病的发生并促进其植株生长。     

Influence of summer legume residue recycling and varietal diversification on productivity,energetics, and nutrient dynamics in basmati rice–wheat cropping system of western Indo-Gangetic Plains

A field experiment was conducted on summer mungbean residue recycling (SMBRR) and basmati rice–wheat cropping system (BRWCS) at New Delhi, India. The SMBRR enhanced the system productivity and net returns by ～19.1% and 22.1% compared to summer fallow (SF) with highest magnitude under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967. Two genotypes each in basmati rice (PB 1 and P 2511) and wheat (HD 2967 and HD 2733) responded well to SMBRR with respect to grain yield efficiency index (GYEI) ≥ 1.0. SMBRR also registered ～13.5% higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) than SF. Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage also increased by ～6.8% in 0–30 cm soil layer. The rice–wheat–summer mungbean system produced significantly highest energy efficiency compared to the rice–wheat–summer fallow system with highest values under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967 as a result of better yield expression. Overall, SMBRR with suitable genotypic sequence improved the system productivity, profitability, and nutrient dynamics in BRWCS, which are vital for long-term sustainability of this system.     

Peri-urbanization may vary with vegetation restoration: A large scale regional analysis

Over that past decade, ecological restoration practices have expanded globally. However, the effectiveness of ecological restoration depends on the complex interactions of various natural and socioeconomic factors, about which there is limited scientific understanding and thus provides an important research frontier. This paper analyzed the relationship between regional scale vegetation restoration and the process of urbanization using the Loess Plateau of China as a case study. This region has experienced both rapid urbanization and a high number of vegetation restoration activities. Urbanization and vegetation restoration can be considered as extremes on the spectrum of environment preservation activities. Three separate spatial correlation analyses between urbanization and vegetation restoration were identified, resulting in: 1) insignificant correlations in saturated urban areas; 2) significant negative correlations in peri-urban areas; and 3) significant positive correlations in undeveloped areas. The relationship between urbanization and vegetation restoration is thus stage-dependent. Impacts of urbanization on vegetation degradation has improved but has not been fully addressed by large scale vegetation restoration. Regardless of whether the county or grid scale is used, peri-urbanization was found to be the critical factor affecting the effectiveness of vegetation restoration over both time and space. Therefore, peri-urbanized areas are viewed as priorities for improving the coupling of urban development and vegetation restoration.     

Large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure in the longest tropical river in Asia

Although the Mekong River is one of the world's 35 biodiversity hot spots, the large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure remain poorly addressed. This study aimed to investigate the fish distribution patterns in the Lower Mekong River (LMR) and to identify their environmental determinants. Daily fish catch data (i.e. from December 2000 to November 2001) at 38 sites distributed along the LMR were related to 15 physicochemical and 19 climatic variables. As a result, four different clusters were defined according to the similarity in assemblage composition and 80 indicator species were identified. While fish species richness was highest in the Mekong delta and lowest in the upper part of the LMR, the diversity index was highest in the middle part of the LMR and lowest in the delta. We found that fish assemblages changed along the environmental gradients and that the main drivers affecting the fish assemblage structure were the seasonal variation of temperature, precipitation, dissolved oxygen, pH and total phosphorus. Specifically, upstream assemblages were characterised by cyprinids and Pangasius catfish, well suited to low temperature, high dissolved oxygen and high pH. Fish assemblages in the delta were dominated by perch‐like fish and clupeids, more tolerant to high temperatures, and high levels of nutrients (nitrates and total phosphorus) and salinity. Overall, the patterns were consistent between seasons. Our study contributes to establishing the first holistic fish community study in the LMR.     

连作植烟土壤具有显著积累特征的两种酚酸的化感效应评价

为科学评价连作植烟土壤中具有显著积累特征的两种酚酸的化感效应,丰富现有连作障碍机理,以烤烟品种K326为试验材料,基于前期田间实测结果设置不同浓度梯度(间苯三酚:0.20、1.00、5.00 mg·kg^-1,对羟基苯甲酸0.02、0.10、0.50 mg·kg^-1)进行盆栽试验。结果表明,两种酚酸物质均显著抑制了烤烟种子萌发。间苯三酚抑制了幼苗根系的生长,且浓度越大抑制作用越强;对羟基苯甲酸对幼苗根系生长的影响表现出“低促高抑”的浓度效应。随着间苯三酚浓度的增加,叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈上升趋势,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈下降趋势;随着对羟基苯甲酸浓度的增加,叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性均呈先升后降趋势。此外,两种酚酸物质均降低了烤烟幼苗叶片叶绿素含量,增加了丙二醛(MDA)含量。随着处理时间的延长,胁迫作用趋势相同。由此可知,间苯三酚和对羟基苯甲酸不同程度地抑制了烤烟幼苗的生长,且存在浓度效应。间苯三酚表现为抑制作用,浓度越高抑制作用越强;对羟基苯甲酸浓度≤0.10 mg·kg^-1时表现为促进作用,>0.10 mg·kg^-1时表现为抑制作用。对羟基苯甲酸较间苯三酚具有更强的生物毒性。本研究可以丰富植烟土壤连作障碍机理,为今后连作障碍调控提供理论依据。